Imashini ziterura zikoreshwa mu nganda zigizwe n'ibikoresho byinshi byihariye byagenewe kuzamura, kumanura, no gushyira imashini ziremereye, ibice, cyangwa ibikoresho mu buryo bwizewe, mu buryo bunoze kandi bunoze mu nganda, mu nganda zikora, ziteranya, cyangwa zibungabunga. Izi mashini zishobora kuva ku byuma bito, bikoresha neza kugeza ku bikoresho binini kandi biremereye bigendanwa.
Ibyiciro by'imashini ziterura mu nganda
Ibyuma byo guterura ibintu mu nganda bishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe imikorere yabyo, uburyo bitwara ibintu, n'umurimo w'ibanze:
1. Guterura Imikasi (Guterura Ihagaze)
Izi mashini ntizihagarara cyangwa ntizigenda kandi zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kugenda uhagaze no kuzamura kugira ngo habeho uburebure bukwiye cyangwa mu gupakira/gupakurura ibikoresho.
Udukoresho two guterura imikasi: Koresha uburyo bwo guterura ibyuma (nk'imikasi) kugira ngo uzamure urubuga ruhagaze. Bikoreshwa mu guterura imashini, ibikoresho byo gukora, cyangwa abakozi ku burebure bukenewe kugira ngo biteranywe, bikoreshwe, cyangwa bisudirwe.
Ameza yo Kuzamura/Kuzamura: Ashyirwa hasi, akoreshwa mu kuzamura cyangwa kumanura ibicuruzwa (akenshi kuri palati) kugira ngo bihuze n'uburebure bw'igitanda cy'ikamyo cyangwa sisitemu yo gutwara ibintu, byoroshya imirimo yo gupakira no gupakurura ibicuruzwa.
Ibyuma bitanga umuvuduko bihagaze (VRCs): Ibikoresho byihariye bikoreshwa gusa mu kwimura ibikoresho (atari abakozi) hagati y’igorofa ritandukanye ry’inyubako.
2. Ibikoresho byo guterura hejuru
Izi sisitemu zikoresha inzira idahinduka cyangwa imiterere kugira ngo zimure imizigo mu nzira itambitse, ikaba ari nziza cyane mu gutwara ibintu mu ruganda rwose.
Crane zo hejuru (Cranes zo ku kiraro): Zigizwe n'ikiraro cyimukanwa kigenda mu nzira zihamye. Igitereko kigenda ku kiraro, bigatuma kigenda hejuru y'uruziga rwose rufite impande enye. Ni ingenzi mu guterura imashini nini cyangwa ibice binini.
Jib Cranes: Zifatanye n'inkingi cyangwa urukuta rwo hasi, zifite ukuboko gutambitse (jib) kuzenguruka mu gace k'uruziga. Akenshi zikoreshwa mu guterura ibintu biremereye no gukorera aho bakorera ku giti cyabo.
Ibikoresho byo guterura n'amakamyo: Uburyo bwo guterura (guterura) akenshi buhuzwa n'ikamyo ituma igenda itambitse ku ruhande rw'umurambararo (nk'ikamyo yo ku kiraro cyangwa ikamyo yo gukaraba).
3. Abakoresha imbaraga n'abapima ibintu bakoresheje ingufu(Guterura mu buryo bw'imikorere)
Izi mashini zibanda ku guhuza imbaraga zo guterura n'izikoreshwa n'abantu kugira ngo zikore neza.
Intwaro zo mu nganda zikoresha uburyo bwo kugabanya uburemere bw'ibikoresho (Balancers): Izi ntwaro zikoresha ukuboko gukomeye, gufite imiterere ihamye n'isoko ry'amashanyarazi (pneumatic cyangwa electron servo) kugira ngo zihuze neza uburemere bw'umutwaro, bigatuma habaho "gravity ya zeru". Zikoreshwa mu guterura no gushyira ibice by'imashini bitoroshye cyangwa biremereye (urugero: moteri, ibumba, castings) mu mwanya wabyo ku murongo w'imashini cyangwa igikoresho cy'imashini.
Udukoresho two guterura ibintu mu buryo bwa "Vacuum Lifting": Koresha imashini zikoresha umwuka uva mu cyuma kugira ngo ufate kandi uterure ibikoresho binini, birambuye, bidafite imyenge nk'amabati y'icyuma, ibirahure, cyangwa imbaho za pulasitiki zikomeye. Ni ingenzi cyane mu gushyira ibikoresho mu buryo bwizewe ku mashini nini zitunganya ibikoresho.
4. Ibikoresho byo guterura bigendanwa
Izi mashini zagenewe koroshya ibintu kandi zishobora gutwara imizigo iremereye mu kigo cyangwa aho akazi gakorerwa.
Amakamyo yo guterura ibintu mu buryo bwa forklift n'amakamyo yo kugera ku bantu: Amakamyo asanzwe akoreshwa cyane, akoresha amakamyo yo guterura ibintu mu buryo bwa hydraulic kugira ngo aterure, ashyire hamwe kandi atware ibicuruzwa n'imashini za pallet.
Imashini zigendanwa zo mu bwoko bwa Gantry Cranes: Sisitemu zigendanwa zo mu bwoko bwa crane zifite amapine zishobora kwimurwa mu mwanya wazo kugira ngo ziterure kandi zikorere ibikoresho biremereye mu kigo nta mpinduka zirambye mu miterere.
Imashini zitwara imizigo za robo (urugero, AGVs): Nubwo ahanini imodoka zitwara abantu, zimwe muri AGV zifite aho ziterura imizigo kugira ngo zitware imizigo iremereye cyangwa ndetse n'ibikoresho by'imashini byose.
Akamaro mu nganda
Guterura imashini zo mu nganda ni ingenzi cyane kuko:
Kongera Umutekano: Bikuraho ibyago byo gukomereka (cyane cyane imvune zo mu mitsi n'amagufwa) bifitanye isano no guterura ibice biremereye cyangwa bigoye.
Kongera umusaruro: Bituma ibikoresho bigenda vuba kandi neza kandi bigashyirwa mu mwanya wabyo, bigabanya igihe cyo gushyiraho n'igihe cyose cyo gukora.
Menya neza: Imashini zikora neza (manipulators) na cranes zikora neza cyane ni ngombwa kugira ngo zihuze neza ibice binini mu gihe cyo guteranya (urugero, gushyira igice cy'igikoresho cy'imashini gifite ubushobozi bwa toni nyinshi gifite ubushobozi bwa milimetero nke).
Koroshya Ubusabe: Bituma abakozi bashinzwe ubusabe bashobora kuzamura, kumanura no kuyobora ibice biremereye by'imashini (nk'amamoteri cyangwa transmissions) mu gihe cyo gusana.
Inganda za Tongliyiyemeje gukemura ibibazo byo kubika no gutunganya ibikoresho bitandukanye, no gutanga ibisubizo bitunganye kandi by’umwuga bijyanye n’ibikenewe mu kubika no gutunganya ibikoresho bigoye kandi bishobora guhinduka. Inatanga kandi ibisubizo byiza kandi bihangana ku ngengo y’imari y’abakiriya.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira 13-2025